中国鸟类生态学的发展与现状

中国鸟类生态学的发展可分三个阶段 :2 0世纪 3 0年代至 5 0年代末的萌芽期 ;60年代初至 70年代末的成长期 ;80年代以来的蓬勃发展期。 1 990年以来 ,繁殖是我国鸟类生态学的最主要研究内容 ,论文数量比例占 2 3 5 3 % ;行为、栖息地、群落和迁徙等方面的研究有明显增长 ;鸟类食性研究的关注程度下降。本文对繁殖、行为、栖息地、种群和群落内容研究现状进行详细分析 ,并提出了今后中国鸟类生态学研究与发展应予以关注的问题     

城市绿化树种的滞尘效应——以哈尔滨市为例

提出以植物材料的滞尘功能作为城市绿地设计中重要依据 ,对哈尔滨市 2 8个树种进行滞尘测定和叶表电镜扫描 ,结果表明 ,不同的树种滞尘量差异显著 ,树种之间的滞尘能力可相差 2～ 3倍以上 .常绿针叶树种中 ,红皮云杉、杜松是优良的滞尘树种 ,4周后滞尘分别达到 5 .7和 4.4g·m-2 .落叶阔叶树种中 ,银中杨、金银忍冬、山桃稠李是优良的阔叶滞尘树种 ,两周后滞尘分别达到 1.9、2 .0和 2 .45 g·m-2 .电镜观察发现 ,叶表皮具沟状组织、密集纤毛的树种滞尘能力强 ,叶表皮具瘤状或疣状突起的树种滞尘能力差 ,并结合滞尘测定对滞尘方式进行了讨论 .     

Sex differences in interest in infants across the lifespan

This study investigated sex differences in interest in infants among children, adolescents, young adults, and older individuals. Interest in infants was assessed with responses to images depicting animal and human infants versus adults, and with verbal responses to questionnaires. Clear sex differences, irrespective of age, emerged in all visual and verbal tests, with females being more interested in infants than males. Male interest in infants remained fairly stable across the four age groups, whereas female interest in infants was highest in childhood and adolescence and declined thereafter, particularly for the responses to visual stimuli. The observed developmental changes in female interest in infants are consistent with the hypothesis that they represent a biological adaptation for parenting. This study was supported by NIH grants R01-MH57249, R01-MH62577, and K02-MH63097. Dario Maestripieri, Ph.D., is an assistant professor of Human Development and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Chicago. He has broad research interests in behavior, development, and evolution, and conducted research on primate parenting and development at the University of Cambridge and at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center before moving to Chicago. Suzanne Pelka is a graduate student in Human Development at the University of Chicago.     

遥感和GIS支持下的城市植被制图及其特征分析

 以上海城市植被为研究对象,探索城市植被的分类理论和方法,提出一套适用于城市植被分类与制图的方法。根据城市植被信息获取的方式以及生态-外貌分类原则,建立了基于植物生活型的、可用图形表示的城市植被分类体系,分天然与半天然植被和人工植被两个大类,共有9个植被型和34个植被亚型。在遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)技术的支持下,建立研究区的城市植被信息数据库,并在此基础上对城市植被类型的特征以及与土地利用的关系进行分析比较,以期掌握城市植被类型的数量特征及其空间分布,同时按不同分类级别用计算机进行城市植被制图。城市植被     

山东蒙山野生蔬菜资源研究

食用野菜已成为当今社会的一种时尚 ,野菜已越来越多地登上了大雅之堂。为此 ,我们在对蒙山全面野外考察、采集植物标本的基础上 ,对蒙山野菜的种类组成、区系成分、生活型、食用部位、采集时间和食用方法等进行了深入、细致的研究 ,以期为蒙山野菜资源的开发利用提供可靠、详实的依据     

火红拟孔蜂的生物学特性

首次报道了火红拟孔蜂除雌性成虫以外的各虫态形态特征、生活史、生殖发育及性行为等生物学特性。该蜂在西鄂尔多斯地区一年发生一代。越冬幼虫翌年4月中旬开始化蛹;预蛹约d左右;蛹期约15d。成虫5月上旬陆续羽化出茧;雄蜂早于雌蜂数日出现,雄蜂交尾后不久死去,寿命约为10d左右。雌蜂寿命约30d。卵期约3d左右。老熟幼虫多数在6月中下旬结茧后进入滞育状态,幼虫期长达300d左右。滞育幼虫通过人工控制温度可提前打破滞育或推迟其羽化的时间。     

Evaluation of floristic diversity in urban areas as a basis for habitat management

Questions: How can floristic diversity be evaluated in conser‐vation plans to identify sites of highest interest for biodiversity? What are the mechanisms influencing the distribution of species in human‐dominated environments? What are the best criteria to identify sites where active urban management is most likely to enhance floristic diversity? Location: The Hauts‐de‐Seine district bordering Paris, France. Methods: We described the floristic diversity in one of the most urbanized French districts through the inventory of ca. 1000 sites located in 23 habitats. We built a new index of floristic interest (IFI), integrating information on richness, indigeneity, typicality and rarity of species, to identify sites and habitats of highest interest for conservation. Finally, we explored the relationship between site IFI and land use patterns (LUP). Results: We observed a total of 626 vascular plant species. Habitats with highest IFI were typically situated in seminatural environments or environments with moderate human impact. We also showed that neighbouring (urban) structures had a significant influence on the floristic interest of sites: for example, the presence of collective dwellings around a site had a strong negative impact on IFI. Conclusions: Our approach can be used to optimize management in urban zones; we illustrate such possibilities by defining a ‘Site Potential Value’, which was then compared with the observed IFI, to identify areas (e.g. river banks) where better management could improve the district's biodiversity.     

Evolution in biological and nonbiological systems under different mechanisms of generation and inheritance

The majority of definitions of life and evolution include the notion that part of an organism has to be copied to its offspring and that this includes some form of coded information. This article presents the thesis that this conception is too restrictive and that evolution can occur in systems in which there is no copy of information between generations. For that purpose, this article introduces a new set of concepts and a theoretical framework that is designed to be equally applicable to the study of the evolution of biological and nonbiological systems. In contrast to some theoretical approaches in evolution, like neo-Darwinism, the approach presented here is not focused on the transmission and change of hereditary information that can be copied (like in the case of DNA). Instead, multiple mechanisms by which a system can generate offspring (with and without copying) and by which information in it affects the structure and evolution of its offspring are considered. The first part of this article describes in detail these new concepts. The second part of this article discusses how these concepts are directly applicable to the diversity of systems that can evolve. The third part introduces hypotheses concerning (1) how different mechanisms of generation and inheritance can arise from each other during evolution, and (2) how the existence of several inheritance mechanisms in an organism can affect its evolution.     

低浓度臭氧对小鼠生长发育的影响

目的研究低浓度臭氧对小鼠生长发育的影响。方法实验组小鼠和对照组小鼠分别在15w紫外灯照射产生的低浓度臭氧环境下和正常无臭氧环境下连续饲养7周,观察其体重变化;阴道涂片镜检观察雌性小鼠的动情周期。7周后,取脑、心、肝、脾、肺、肾等组织标本,做组织病理学分析;利用全自动生化分析仪对部分血清生化指标进行测定,利用放免试剂盒对血清性激素水平进行测定。结果实验组雌性小鼠体重与对照组雌性小鼠差异无统计学意义,实验组雄性小鼠体重比对照组雄性小鼠轻;实验组雌性小鼠的动情周期与对照组雌性小鼠差异无统计学意义;实验组与对照组小鼠的组织切片均未发现异常;实验组小鼠的血清生化指标以及血清性激素水平与对照组小鼠差异无统计学意义。结论本实验中紫外灯照射产生的低浓度臭氧对昆明小鼠的生长发育基本无影响。     

Aggressor or protector? Experiences and perceptions of violence predict preferences for masculinity

Women's preferences for masculine male partners have been explained in terms of heritable health. The evidence between masculinity and health, however, is controversial and therefore, alternative explanations for masculinity preferences reflecting income inequality and protection from violence have been proposed. This study thus aimed to test the effect of exposure to violence (i.e., experiences of robberies and perceptions of danger) on the individual masculinity preferences of women and men from the capital city of Colombia, Bogota, and surrounding small towns. One hundred and fifty three adult participants (mean age ± S.D. = 31.3 ± 9.4), all heterosexual, were surveyed in reference to indicators related to health (e.g., drinking water access, frequency of illnesses), access to media (e.g., television and internet access), education (e.g., graduating from high school, attending university) and exposure to violence (e.g., frequency of robberies/attacks, feelings of danger from violence). Participants made two alternatives, preference forced-choice for masculinized and feminized versions of both rural Salvadoran and European male faces. We found that men and women exposed to higher levels of violence preferred less masculine male faces, although this effect was only significant for women. Additionally, the effect of violence exposure was more relevant for the Salvadoran stimuli. Violence contributed significantly to explaining masculinity preferences after controlling for participant age, education, access to media, and health-related factors. These preferences may reflect women's strategy to avoid male violence demonstrating that exposure to violence matters in interpersonal attraction.